Reclaim the night ~ NOT the march

The Ipswich murders have raised disturbing parallels with the Yorkshire Ripper case, writes

Julie Bindel

The Guardian

The news barely registered at first – just a passing story in a local newspaper. The naked body of a woman had been found in a brook in Ipswich, Suffolk, on December 2. Her name was Gemma Adams. She was 25. She had been working as a street prostitute. Few seem to have been too worried by this story – apart from those who loved Adams, of course, and the other women left working on the cold Ipswich streets. Many people still wrongly believe, just as they did during the hunt for Peter Sutcliffe (the so-called Yorkshire Ripper) that men who harm and kill women in prostitution are no danger to “respectable women”. The reasoning goes that these killers simply have a pathological hatred for prostitutes, despite the overwhelming evidence that they have a pathological hatred for women in general.

It wasn’t until it emerged that a friend of Adams’s was also missing then -and that she was a prostitute, working the same beat – that the case made the national press. The friend’s name was Tania Nicol, and she was 19. Her body was discovered six days after Adams’s, partially naked, in the same stretch of water. On Sunday, as journalists were piecing together the facts from police, and trying to ascertain whether reports of a possible serial killer were mere speculation, the body of a third woman, Anneli Alderton, 24, was discovered in the woods. Today, the post-mortem report concluded she had been strangled. On Monday, police expressed concern regarding two other missing women, Paula Clennell, 24, and Annette Nicholls, 29, also street workers. As this piece goes to press the bodies of two more women have been found, and are yet to be identified.

Prostitutes regularly turn up dead, and, when they do, they are lucky if their stories make the local papers. Murder is often regarded as an occupational hazard of street work. We barely notice if the murderer is caught, and few care that prostitute murders have the lowest clear-up rates of any type of homicide – it is estimated that 90 prostitutes have been murdered in the UK in the past 12 years, a figure that hardly dents the national consciousness.

Once it came to light that there was potentially a serial killer stalking the streets, though, the tabloid press started having a field day. Over the past few days front-page headlines have included “Ripper”, and “Vice Girls Missing”, accompanied by the usual photographs of women in mini-skirts peering into cars on deserted streets.

And when police gave a press conference after Alderton’s body was discovered, advising women to “stay off the streets. If you are out alone at night, you are putting yourself in danger”, we could have been right back in 1977, when police effectively put a curfew on women during Sutcliffe’s killing spree. In issuing that curfew, women in West Yorkshire were made to feel responsible for preventing male violence, just as women in Ipswich are now. “It makes us feel as if we are to blame,” one street prostitute in Ipswich noted on the news yesterday, “but it’s him who is making the streets dangerous – not us.”

During the 1970s and into 1980, Sutcliffe killed 13 women and left seven others for dead. The body of his first victim – 28-year-old Wilma McCann – was discovered in 1975, and, from the beginning, the West Yorkshire police were guilty of dragging their feet and bungling the investigation. Complacent police officers overlooked vital clues, and inadequate technology was used to collate the thousands of interviews and intelligence. Amidst all this, Sutcliffe just kept killing – with hammers, screwdrivers and knives – and police were no further forward by the time the body of his fifth victim, Jayne MacDonald, was discovered in June 1977.

MacDonald’s murder was described by police and press as a “tragic mistake”. The previous victims had all been prostitutes, and therefore, in the eyes of many, complicit in their own demise. MacDonald was 16 though, and described by police as “respectable and innocent”. Victims were duly divided into deserving and not-so-deserving victims.

Five years after the Ripper’s first murder, the only solution the police had come up with was to impose a curfew on women. We were urged to “stay indoors” and told, “Do not go out at night unless absolutely necessary, and only if accompanied by a man you know.” (Sutcliffe himself gave the same advice to his sister.)

My women’s group mocked up police notices and flyposted them all over the city. “Attention all men in West Yorkshire,” the notice read, “there is a serial killer on the loose in the area. Out of consideration for the safety of women, please ensure you are indoors by 8pm each evening, so that women can go about their business without the fear you may provoke.” For one night only (until the police discovered our scam and the posters were taken down) the Chapeltown area, where many street prostitutes worked, was free of foot punters.

Whether police have learned lessons from the Yorkshire Ripper inquiry remains to be seen. Certainly they seem to be taking each new development extremely seriously. However, some things – and not just the issuing of a curfew on women – remain the same. Police have not thought to advise men not to go out to buy sex in Ipswich, but they should have done, just as the police during the Yorkshire Ripper inquiry should have. Men need to be told that their presence can mask and protect men who go out in order to harm and kill.

Gemma Adams has been described in the press as a “loving daughter” from a good home. Her father says he had “no idea” she was involved in prostitution. And yet the image that will stick in our minds has been shaped by the photograph used in all the newspapers: her police mug shot. Staring blankly at the camera, she looks, in many ways, like a stereotype of a hard-faced prostitute. Recently, Wilma McCann’s son Richard said that the photograph used of his mother made her look totally unlike the mother he knew. The photographs used of Sutcliffe’s non-prostitute victims look like warm human beings, not stigmatised criminals.

Tania Nichol has also been stereotyped as a “tarty” dresser. The photograph of the same pink, sparkly shoes she was wearing the night she disappeared are the sort many would associate with women in prostitution. Was it necessary to show these? Surely, people are not remembered by passing members of the public by their shoes?

Some men found the Yorkshire Ripper amusing. Outside Leeds football stadium badges were sold with the slogan, “Leeds United – More feared than the Yorkshire Ripper.” During one match, when police had hassled Leeds fans to stop taunting their opponents, loud chants of “Ripper 12, police nil” rose up from the crowd. During drinking sessions they would sing, “One Yorkshire Ripper, there’s only one Yorkshire Ripper.”

How much has changed? On my way to work this morning, two men were chatting at the bus stop, reading the coverage of the Ipswich case. “My sister lives in Ipswich,” said one. “Yeah, but don’t worry – he’s only doing tarts,” came the reply.

Just as in the days of the Yorkshire Ripper, there are suggestions that regulated brothels are the answer, so that women do not have to walk the streets. But there is more that could be done to prevent these women from being murdered, such as helping them exit prostitution, and vigorously pursuing men who are violent to street workers, before they kill someone.

Just after his conviction, when Sutcliffe was asked by his brother why he had committed the murders, he said, “I were just trying to clean up the streets, our kid.” Whether police in Ipswich will choose to clean up the streets properly – by ridding them of violent men and potential punters – remains to be seen. The echo of the Yorkshire Ripper will continue to surface as long as women such as Adams, Nicol and Alderton are seen as easy prey by the men who want to kill a woman and choose – simply because it is easiest – to pick on a street prostitute